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Pitot Tube Cover REMOVE. Check for pitot blockage. Pilot’s Operating Handbook AVAILABLE IN AIRPLANE. Airplane Weight and Balance CHECKED. Parking Brake SET. Control Wheel Lock REMOVE. Ignition Switch OFF. Avionics Master Switch OFF. WHEN TURNING ON THE MASTER SWITCH, USING AN EXTERNAL POWER SOURCE, OR PULLING THE PROPELLER THROUGH BY HAND, TREAT THE PROPELLER AS IF THE IGNITION SWITCH WERE ON. DO NOT STAND, NOR ALLOW ANYONE ELSE TO STAND, WITHIN THE ARC OF THE PROPELLER, SINCE A LOOSE OR BROKEN WIRE OR A COMPONENT MALFUNCTION COULD CAUSE THE PROPELLER TO ROTATE. Master Switch ON. Fuel Quantity Indicators CHECK QUANTITY and ENSURE LOW FUEL ANNUNCIATORS (L LOW FUEL R) ARE EXTINQUISHED. Avionics Master Switch ON. Avionics Cooling Fan CHECK AUDIBLY FOR OPERATION. Avionics Master Switch OFF. Static Pressure Alternate Source Valve OFF. Annunciator Panel Switch PLACE AND HOLD IN TST POSITION and ensure all annunciators illuminate. Annunciator Panel Test Switch RELEASE. Check that appropriate annunciators remain on. When Master Switch in turned ON, some annunciators will flash for approximately 10 seconds before illuminating steadily. When panel TST switch is toggled up and held in position, all remaining lights will flash until the switch is released. Fuel Selector Valve BOTH. Fuel Shutoff Valve ON (Push Full In). Flaps EXTEND. Pitot Heat ON. (Carefully check that the pitot tube is warm to the touch within 30 seconds). Pitot Heat OFF. Master Switch OFF. Elevator Trim SET for takeoff. Baggage Door CHECK, lock with key. Autopilot Static Source Opening (if installed) CHECK for blockage.

Rudder Gust Lock (if installed) REMOVE. Tail Tie Down DISCONNECT. Control Surfaces CHECK freedom of movement and security. Trim Tab CHECK security. Antennas CHECK for security of attachment and general condition.

Aileron CHECK freedom of movement and security. Flap CHECK for security and condition.

Wing Tie Down DISCONNECT. Main Wheel Tire CHECK for proper inflation and general condition (weather checks, tread depth and wear, etc…). Fuel Tank Sump Quick Drain Valves DRAIN at least a cupful of fuel (using sampler cup) from each sump location to check for water, sediment, and proper fuel grade before each flight and after each refueling. If water is observed, take further samples until clear and then gently rock wings and lower tail to the ground to move any additional contaminants to the sampling points. Take repeated samples from all fuel drain points until all contamination has been removed. If contaminants are still present, refer to WARNING below and ... IF, AFTER REPEATED SAMPLING, EVIDENCE OF CONTAMINATION STILL EXISTS, THE AIRPLANE SHOULD NOT BE FLOWN. TANKS SHOULD BE DRAINED AND SYSTME PURGED BY QUALIFIED MAINTENANCE PERSONNEL. ALL EVIDENCE OF CONTAMINATION MUST BE REMOVED BEFORE FLIGHT. Fuel Quantity CHECK VISUALLY for desired level. Fuel Filler Cap SECURE and VENT UNOBSTRUCTED.

Fuel Strainer Quick Drain Valve (Located on bottom of fuselage) DRAIN at least a cupful of fuel (using sampler cup) from valve to check for water, sediment, and proper fuel grade before each flight and after each refueling. If water is observed, take further samples until clear and then gently rock wings and lower tail to the ground to move any additional contaminants to the sampling points. Take repeated samples from all fuel drain points until all contamination has been removed. If contaminants are still present, refer to WARNING from right wing and do ... Engine Oil Dipstick/Filler Cap CHECK oil level, then check dipstick/filler cap SECURE. Do not operate with less than five quarts. Fill to eight quarts for extended flights. Engine Cooling Inlets CLEAR of obstructions. Propeller and Spinner CHECK for nicks and security. Air Filter CHECK for restrictions by dust or other foreign matter. Nose Wheel Strut and Tire CHECK for proper inflation of strut and general condition (weather checks, tread depth and wear, etc…) of tire. Left Static Source Opening CHECK for blockage.

Fuel Quantity CHECK VISUALLY for desired level. Fuel Filler Cap SECURE AND VENT UNOBSTRUCTED. Fuel Tank Sump Quick Drain Valves DRAIN at least a cupful of fuel (using sampler cup) from each sump location to check for water, sediment, and proper fuel grade before each flight and after each refueling. If water is observed, take further samples until clear and then gently rock wings and lower tail to the ground to move any additional contaminants to the sampling points. Take repeated samples from all fuel drain points until all contamination has been removed. If contaminants are still present, refer to WARNING from right... Main Wheel Tire CHECK for proper inflation and general condition (weather checks, tread depth and wear, etc…).

Fuel Tank Vent Opening CHECK for blockage. Stall Warning Opening CHECK for blockage. To check the system, place a clean handkerchief over the vent opening and apply suction; sound from the warning horn will confirm system operation. Wing Tie Down DISCONNECT. Landing/Taxi Light(s) CHECK for condition and cleanliness of cover.

Aileron CHECK for freedom of movement and security. Flap CHECK for security and condition.

Normal Climb Out 70-80 KIAS Short Field Takeoff, Flaps 10°, Speed at 50’ 57 KIAS Enroute Climb Flaps Up: Normal, Sea Level 75-85 KIAS Normal, 10,000 Feet 70-80 KIAS Best Rate-of-Climb, Sea Level 79 KIAS Best Rate-of-Climb, 10,000 Feet 71 KIAS Best Angle-of-Climb, Sea Level 60 KIAS Best Angle-of-Climb, 10,000 Feet 65 KIAS Landing Approach: Normal Approach, Flaps Up 65-75 KIAS Normal Approach, Flaps 30 60-70 KIAS Short Field Approach, Flaps 30 62 KIAS Balked Landing: Maximum Power, Flaps 20 55 KIAS Maximum Recommended Turbulent Air Penetration Speed: 2400 Lbs 99 KIAS 2000 Lbs 92 KIAS 1600 Lbs 82 KIAS Maximum Demonstrated Crosswind Velocity: Takeoff or Landing 15 KNOTS

Preflight Inspection COMPLETE. Passenger Briefing COMPLETE. Seats and Seat Belts ADJUST and LOCK. Ensure inertia real is locking. Brakes TEST and SET. Circuit Breakers CHECK IN. Electrical Equipment OFF. THE AVIONICS MASTERR SWITCH MUST BE OFF DURING ENGINE START TO PREVENT POSSIBLE DAMAGE TO AVIONICS. Avionics Master Switch OFF. Fuel Selector Valve BOTH. Fuel Shutoff Valve ON (Push Full In). Avionics Circuit Breakers CHECK IN.

Throttle OPEN ¼ INCH. Mixture IDLE CUTOFF. Propeller Area CLEAR. Master Switch ON. Flashing Beacon ON. If engine is warm, omit priming procedure of steps 6, 7 and 8 below. Auxiliary Fuel Pump Switch ON. Mixture SET to FULL RICH (full forward) until stable fuel flow is indicated (usually 3 to 5 seconds), then set to IDLE CUTOFF (full aft) position. Auxiliary Fuel Pump OFF. Ignition Switch START (release when engine starts). Mixture ADVANCE smoothly to RICH when engine starts. If engine floods (engine has been primed too much), turn off auxiliary fuel pump, set mixture to idle cutoff, open throttle ½ to full, and motor (crank) engine. When engine starts, set mixture to full rich and close throttle promptly. Oil Pressure CHECK. Navigation Lights ON as required. Avionics Master Switch ON. Radios ON. Flaps RETRACT.

Throttle OPEN ¼ INCH. Mixture IDLE CUTOFF. Propeller AREA CLEAR. Master Switch OFF. External Power CONNECT to airplane receptacle. Master Switch ON Flashing Beacon ON. If engine is warm, omit priming procedure of steps 8, 9 and 10 below. Auxiliary Fuel Switch ON Mixture SET FULL RICH (full forward) until stable fuel flow is indicated (usually 3 to 5 seconds), then set to IDLE CUTOFF (full aft) position. Auxiliary Fuel Pump OFF. Ignition Switch START (release when engine starts). Mixture ADVANCE smoothly to RICH when engine starts. If engine floods (engine has been primed too much), turn off auxiliary fuel pump, set mixture to idle cutoff, open throttle ½ to full, and motor (crank) engine. When engine starts, set mixture to full rich and close throttle promptly. Oil Pressure CHECK. External Power DISCONNECT from airplane receptacle. Secure external power door. Electrical System CHECK FOR PROPER OPERATION. a. Master Switch OFF (disconnects both the battery and alternator from the system). b. Taxi and Landing Lights Switches ON (provides an initial electrical load on the system). c. Engine RPM REDUCE to idle. (Minimum alternator output occurs at idle). d. Master Switch ON (taxi and landing lights ON). (The ammeter should indicate in the negative direction, showing that the alternator output is below the load requirements, but the battery is supplying current to the system.) e. Engine RPM INCREASE to approximately 1500 RPM (as engine RPM increases, alternator output should increase to meet the system load requirements)... f. Ammeter and Low Voltage Annunciator CHECK (the ammeter should indicate in the positive direction, showing that the alternator is supplying current and the Low Voltage Annunciator (VOLTS) should not be lighted). Navigation Lights ON as required. Avionics Master Switch ON. Radios ON. Flaps RETRACT.

Parking Brake SET. Passenger Seat Backs MOST UPRIGHT POSITION. Seats and Seat Belts CHECK SECURE. Cabin Doors CLOSED AND LOCKED. Flight Controls FREE and CORRECT. Flight Instruments CHECK and SET Fuel Quantity CHECK. Mixture RICH. Fuel Selector Valve RECHECK BOTH. Throttle 1800 RPM. a. Magnetos CHECK (RPM drop should not exceed 150 RPM on either magneto or 50 RPM differential between magnetos. b. Vacuum Gage CHECK. c. Engine Instruments and Ammeter CHECK. Annunciator Panel Ensure no annunciators are illuminated. Throttle Very smooth engine operation at idle speed of 575 to 625 RPM. Throttle 1000 RPM or LESS. Throttle Friction Lock ADJUST. Strobe Lights AS DESIRED. Radios and Avionics SET. NAV/GPS Switch (if installed) SET. Autopilot (if installed) OFF. Elevator Trim SET. Wing Flaps SET for takeoff (0° – 10°). Brakes RELEASE.

Wing Flaps (0° – 10°). Throttle FULL OPEN. Mixture RICH (above 3000 feet, LEAN to obtain maximum RPM). Elevator Control LIFT NOSE WHEEL (at 55 KIAS). Climb Speed 70 to 80 KIAS Wing Flaps RETRACT.

Wing Flaps 10° Brakes APPLY. Throttle FULL OPEN. Mixture RICH (above 3000 feet, LEAN to obtain maximum RPM). Brakes RELEASE. Elevator Control SLIGHTLY TAIL LOW. Climb Speed 57 KIAS (until all obstacles are cleared). Wing Flaps RETRACT slowly after reaching 60 KIAS.

Airspeed 70-85 KIAS If a maximum performance climb is necessary, us speeds shown in the Rate of Climb chart in Section 5. Throttle FULL OPEN. Mixture RICH (above 300 feet, LEAN to obtain maximum RPM).

Power 2000-2400 RPM (No more than 80% is recommended). Elevator Trim ADJUST. Mixture LEAN.

Power AS DESIRED. Mixture ADJUST for smooth operation. Altimeter SET. NAV/GPS Switch SET. Fuel Selector Valve BOTH. Wing Flaps AS DESIRED (0° to 10° below 110 KIAS, 10° to 30° below 85 KIAS).

Pilot and Passenger Seat Backs MOST UPRIGHT POSITION. Seats and Seat Belts SECURE and LOCKED. Fuel Selector Valve BOTH. Mixture RICH. Landing/Taxi Lights ON. Autopilot (if installed) OFF.

Airspeed 65-75 KIAS (flaps UP). Wing Flaps AS DESIRED (0°-10° below 110 KIAS, 10°-30° below 85 KIAS). Airspeed 60-70 KIAS (flaps DOWN). Touchdown MAIN WHEELS FIRST. Landing Roll LOWER NOSE WHEEL GENTLY. Braking MINIMUM REQUIRED.

Airspeed 65-75 KIAS (flaps UP) Wing Flaps FULL DOWN (30°). Airspeed 62 KIAS (until flare). Power REDUCE to idle after clearing obstacle. Touchdown MAIN WHEELS FIRST. Brakes APPLY HEAVILY. Wing Flaps RETRACT.

Throttle FULL OPEN. Wing Flaps RETRACT TO 20°. Climb Speed 55 KIAS. Wing Flaps 10 (until obstacles are cleared). RETRACT (after reaching a safe altitude and 60 KIAS).

Wing Flaps UP. Transponder STANDBY. Pitot Heat OFF. Lights AS REQUIRED. Taxi Clearance OBTAIN.

Parking Brake SET. Electronic Equipment, Autopilot (if installed) OFF. Avionics Master Switch OFF. Mixture IDLE CUTOFF (pulled full out). Ignition Switch OFF. Master Switch OFF. Control Lock INSTALL. Fuel Selector Valve LEFT or RIGHT to prevent cross feeding.

Engine Failure After Takeoff: Wing Flaps Up 65 KIAS Wing Flaps Down 60 KIAS Maneuvering Speed: 2450 Lbs 99 KIAS 2100 Lbs 92 KIAS 1600 Lbs 82 KIAS Maximum Glide 65 KIAS Precautionary landing With Engine Power 60 KIAS Landing Without Engine Power: Wing Flaps Up 65 KIAS Wing Flaps Down 60 KIAS

Throttle IDLE. Brakes APPLY. Wing Flaps RETRACT. Mixture IDLE CUTOFF. Ignition Switch OFF. Master Switch OFF.

Airspeed 65 KIAS (flaps up). 60 KIAS (flaps down). Mixture IDLE CUTOFF. Fuel Shutoff Valve OFF (Pull Full Out). Ignition Switch OFF. Wing Flaps AS REQUIRED. Master Switch OFF. Cabin Door UNLATCH. Land STRAIGHT AHEAD.

Airspeed 65 KIAS. Fuel Shutoff Valve ON (push full in). Fuel Selector Valve BOTH. Auxiliary Fuel Pump Switch ON. Mixture RICH (if restart has not occurred). Ignition Switch BOTH (or START if propeller is stopped). If the propeller is windmilling, the engine will restart automatically within a few seconds. If the propeller has stopped (possible at low speeds), turn the ignition switch to START, advance the throttle slowly from idle and lean the mixture from the full rich as required for smooth operation. Auxiliary Fuel Pump Switch OFF. TROUBLESHOOT Mixture IDLE CUT OFF Throttle cycle full then idle Mixture Rich If the fuel flow indicator immediately drops to zero (indicating an engine-driven fuel pump failure), return the Auxiliary Fuel Pump Switch to the ON position.

Passenger Seat Backs MOST UPRIGHT POSITION. Seats and Seat Belts SECURE. Airspeed 65 KIAS (flaps UP). 60 KIAS (flaps DOWN). Mixture IDLE CUTOFF. Fuel Shutoff Valve OFF (Pull Full Out). Ignition Switch OFF. Wing Flaps AS REQURED (30° recommended). Master Switch OFF (when landing is assured). Doors UNLATCH PRIOR TO TOUCHDOWN. Touchdown SLIGHTLY TAIL LOW. Brakes APPLY HEAVILY.

Passenger Seat Backs MOST UPRIGHT POSITION. Seats and Seat Belts SECURE. Airspeed 60 KIAS. Wing Flaps 20°. Selected Field FLY OVER, noting terrain and obstructions, then retract flaps upon reaching a safe altitude and airspeed. Avionics Master Switch and Electrical Switches OFF. Wing Flaps 30° (on final approach). Airspeed 60 KIAS. Master Switch OFF. Doors UNLATCH PRIOR TO TOUCHDOWN. Touchdown SLIGHTLY TAIL LOW. Ignition Switch OFF. Mixture IDLE CUTOFF. Brakes APPLY HEAVILY.

Radio TRANSMIT MAYDAY on 121.5 MHz, giving location and intentions and SQUAWK 7700. Heavy Objects (in baggage area) SECURE OR JETTISON (if possible). Passenger Seat Backs MOST UPRIGHT POSITION. Seat and Seat Belts SECURE. Wing Flaps 20° to 30°. Power ESTABLISH 300 FT/MIN DESCENT AT 55 KIAS. If no power is available, approach at 65 KIAS with flaps up or at 60 KIAS with 10 flaps. Approach High Winds, Heavy Seas—INTO THE WIND; Light Winds, Heavy Swells – PARALLEL TO SWELLS. Cabin Doors UNLATCH. Touchdown LEVEL ATTITUDE AT ESTABLISHED RATE OF DESCENT. Face CUSHIION at touchdown with folded coat. ELT Activate. Airplane EVACUATE through cabin doors. If necessary, open window and flood cabin to equalize pressure so doors can be opened. Life Vests and Raft INFLATE WHEN CLEAR OF AIRPLANE.

Cranking START, CONTINUE CRANKING to get a start which would suck the flames and accumulated fuel into the engine. If engine starts: Power 1700 RPM for a few minutes. Engine SHUTDOWN and inspect for damage. If engine fails to start: Throttle FULL OPEN. Mixture IDLE CUTOFF. Cranking CONTINUE. Fuel Shutoff Valve OFF (pull full out). Auxiliary Fuel Pump OFF. Fire Extinguisher OBTAIN (have ground attendants obtain if not installed). Engine SECURE. a. Master Switch OFF. b. Ignition Switch OFF. Parking Brake RELEASE. Airplane EVACUATE. Fire EXTINGUISH using fire extinguisher, wool blanket, or dirt. Fire Damage INSPECT, repair damage or replace damaged components or wiring before conducting another flight.

Mixture IDLE CUTOFF. Fuel Shutoff Valve OFF. Auxiliary Fuel Pump Switch OFF. Master Switch OFF. Cabin Heat and Air OFF (except overhead vents). Airspeed 100 KIAS (If fire is not extinguished, increase glide speed to find an airspeed – within airspeed limitations – which will provide an incombustible mixture). Forced Landing EXCUTE (as described in Emergency Landing Without Engine Power).

Master Switch OFF. Vents, Cabin Air, Heat CLOSED. Fire Extinguisher ACTIVATE (if available). Avionics Power Switch OFF. All Other Switches (except ignition switch) OFF. AFTER DISCHARING FIRE EXTINGUISHER AND ASCERTAINING THAT FIRE HAS BEEN EXTINGUISHED, VENTILATE THE CABIN. Vents/Cabin Air/Heat OPEN when it is ascertained that fire is completely extinguished. If fire has been extinguished and electrical power is necessary for continuance of flight to nearest suitable airport or landing area: Master Switch ON. Circuit Breakers CHECK for faulty circuit, do not reset. Radio Switches OFF. Avionics Power Switch ON. Radio/Electrical Switches ON one at a time, with delay after each until short circuit is localized.

Master Switch OFF. Vents/Cabin Air/Heat CLOSED (to avoid drafts). Fire Extinguisher ACTIVATE (if available). AFTER DISCHARING FIRE EXTINGUISHER AND ASCERTAINING THAT FIRE HAS BEEN EXTINGUISHED VENTILATE THE CABIN. Vents/Cabin Air/Heat Open when it is ascertained that fire is completely extinguished. Land the airplane as soon as possible to inspect for damage.

Landing/Taxi Light Switches OFF. Navigation Light Switch OFF. Strobe Light Switch OFF. Pitot Heat Switch OFF. Perform a sideslip to keep the flames away from the fuel tank and cabin. Land as soon as possible using flaps only as required for final approach and touchdown.

Pitot Heat Switch Turn ON. Turn back or change altitude to obtain an outside air temperature that is less conducive to icing. Cabin Heat Control Pull full out and open defroster outlets to obtain maximum windshield defroster airflow. Adjust cabin air control to get maximum defroster heat and airflow. Engine-related icing Watch for signs of engine-related icing conditions. An unexplained loss in engine speed could be caused by ice blocking the air intake filter, or, in extremely rare instances, ice completely blocking the fuel injection air reference tubes. Change the throttle position to obtain the maximum RPM. This may require either advancing or retarding the throttle, dependent on where ice as accumulated in the system. Adjust mixture, as required, for maximum RPM. Plan a landing at the nearest airport. With extremely rapid ice build up, select a suitable “off airport” landing site. Stall speed and landing roll With an ice accumulation of ¼ inch or more on the wing leading edges, be prepared for significantly higher stall speed and a longer landing roll. Wing Flaps Leave retracted. With severe ice build up on the horizontal tail, the change in wing wake airflow direction caused by wing flap extension could result in a loss of elevator effectiveness. Left Window Open and, if practical, scrape ice from a portion of the windshield for visibility in the landing approach. Landing Approach Perform using a forward slip, if necessary, for improved visibility. Airspeed Approach at 65 to75 KIAS depending upon the amount of accumulation. Landing Perform in level attitude.

Static Pressure Alternate Source Valve PULL ON. Airspeed Consult appropriate calibration tables in Section 5.

Approach NORMAL. Wing Flaps 30°. Touchdown GOOD MAIN TIRE FIRST, hold airplane off flat tire as long as possible with aileron control. Directional Control MAINTAIN using braking on good wheel as required.

Approach NORMAL. Flaps AS REQUIRED. Touchdown ON MAINS, hold nose wheel off the ground as long as possible. Elevator When nose wheel touches down, maintain full up elevator as airplane slows to stop.

Alternator OFF. WITH THE ALTERNATOR SIDE OF THE MASTER SWITCH OFF, COMPASS DEVIATIONS OF AS MUCH OF 25° MAY OCCUR. Nonessential Electrical Equipment OFF. Flight TERMINATE as soon as practical.

Illumination of “VOLTS” on the annunciator panel may occur during low RPM conditions with an electrical load on the system such as during a low RPM taxi. Under these conditions, the annunciator will go out at higher RPM. The master switch need not be recycled since an overvoltage condition has not occurred to deactivate the alternator system. Avionics Master Switch OFF. Alternator Circuit Breaker (ALT FLD) CHECK IN. Master Switch OFF (both sides). Master Switch ON. Low Voltage Annunciator (VOLTS) CHECK OFF. Avionics Master Switch ON. If low voltage annunciator illuminates again: WITH THE ALTERNATOR SIDE OF THE MASTER SWITCH OFF, COMPASS DEVIATIONS OF AS MUCH AS 25° MAY OCCUR. Alternator OFF. Nonessential Radio and Electrical Equipment OFF. Flight TERMINATE as soon as practical.

IF VACUUM IS NOT WITHIN NORMAL OPERATING LIMITS, A FAILURE HAS OCCURRED IN THE VACUUM SYSTEM AND PARTIAL PANEL PROCEDURES MAY BE REQURED FOR CONTINUED FLIGHT. Vacuum gage CHECK to ensure vacuum is within normal limits.