d8fe8934dcfa540c9d36db2184590a6af079f14f1159c4202f8148941f47d0c7 Section "Airspeed Limitations" item count differs between passes (13 vs 12); verify nothing was dropped. Section "Balked Landing (Go Around)" item count differs between passes (5 vs 4); verify nothing was dropped. Section "Cabin Fire" item count differs between passes (5 vs 4); verify nothing was dropped. Section "Cold Weather Starting With or Without Pre-Heat" item count differs between passes (30 vs 25); verify nothing was dropped. Section "Ditching" item count differs between passes (17 vs 15); verify nothing was dropped. Section "Engine Failure In Flight" item count differs between passes (17 vs 16); verify nothing was dropped. Section "Engine Fire During Start Up" item count differs between passes (13 vs 12); verify nothing was dropped. Section "Engine Fire In Flight" item count differs between passes (7 vs 6); verify nothing was dropped. Section "Maneuvering Limits" item count differs between passes (6 vs 5); verify nothing was dropped. Section "Maximum Performance Takeoff (Short Field)" item count differs between passes (14 vs 12); verify nothing was dropped. Section "Normal Approach and Landing Procedures" item count differs between passes (20 vs 15); verify nothing was dropped. Section "Normal Takeoff and Climb Procedures" item count differs between passes (10 vs 9); verify nothing was dropped. Section "Optimum/Recommended Speeds" item count differs between passes (11 vs 10); verify nothing was dropped. Section "Pre-Flight Inspection Checklist" item count differs between passes (66 vs 72); verify nothing was dropped. Section "Precautionary Landing With Engine Power" item count differs between passes (15 vs 13); verify nothing was dropped. Section "Short Field Landing" item count differs between passes (22 vs 17); verify nothing was dropped. Section "Soft Field Landing" item count differs between passes (22 vs 17); verify nothing was dropped. Section "Soft Field Takeoff" item count differs between passes (14 vs 11); verify nothing was dropped. Section "Wing Fire" item count differs between passes (6 vs 5); verify nothing was dropped.

Airspeed Limitations VNE — Never Exceed Speed 149 KIAS / 168 MPH Do not exceed this speed in any operation. VNO — Max structural cruising speed 111 KIAS / 127 MPH Do not exceed this speed except in smooth air and then only with caution. VA — Maneuvering speed, 1670 Pounds 104 KIAS / 119 MPH VA — Maneuvering speed, 1500 Pounds 98 KIAS / 112 MPH VA — Maneuvering speed, 1350 Pounds 93 KIAS / 107 MPH VFE — Maximum flap extended speed 87 KIAS / 100 MPH Maximum window open speed 139 KIAS / 159 MPH VS — Stall speed (No Flaps) 40 KIAS / 46 MPH VS0 — Stall speed in landing configuration 35 KIAS / 40 MPH Demonstrated crosswind capability 12 KIAS / 14 MPH

Optimum/Recommended Speeds VX — Best angle of climb 55 KIAS / 63 MPH VY — Best rate of climb 67 KIAS / 77 MPH VR — Normal rotation 50 KIAS / 58 MPH Normal climb 70-80 KIAS / 80-92 MPH Normal landing (no flaps) 60-70 KIAS / 69-80 MPH Normal landing (full flaps) 55-65 KIAS / 63-75 MPH Powered landing (no flaps) 65 KIAS / 75 MPH Powered landing (full flaps) 60 KIAS / 69 MPH Max performance approach 54 KIAS / 62 MPH Optimum glide 60 KIAS / 69 MPH

Maneuvering Limits Chandelles Max indicated airspeed 95 KIAS / 109 MPH Lazy Eights Max indicated airspeed 95 KIAS / 109 MPH Steep Turns Max indicated airspeed 95 KIAS / 109 MPH Spins Use slow deceleration Stalls (except whip stalls) Use slow deceleration

Stall Speed Table (Max Gross/CG Forward) Angle of Bank 00, 00 Flaps 40 KIAS / 46 MPH Angle of Bank 00, 30 Flaps 35 KIAS / 40 MPH Angle of Bank 30, 00 Flaps 43 KIAS / 49 MPH Angle of Bank 30, 30 Flaps 38 KIAS / 44 MPH Angle of Bank 45, 00 Flaps 48 KIAS / 55 MPH Angle of Bank 45, 30 Flaps 42 KIAS / 48 MPH Angle of Bank 60, 00 Flaps 57 KIAS / 66 MPH Angle of Bank 60, 30 Flaps 49 KIAS / 56 MPH

Throttle Idle Brakes Apply Flaps Retract Mixture Idle Cutoff Ignition Switch Off Master Switch Off

1. If enough runway remaining to land: Throttle Idle Land airplane LAND Brakes Apply Flaps Up Mixture Idle cutoff Ignition Switch Off Master Switch Off 2. Not enough runway to land Airspeed 60 KIAS (69 MPH) Fly runway heading to emergency landing site ESTABLISH Mixture Idle cutoff Fuel shutoff Off Ignition switch Off Flaps As required Master switch Off Doors Ajar

1. Gain all the altitude you can! Pull back (gently) to use the aircraft's momentum to gain altitude until airspeed falls off to the optimum glide speed 60 KIAS (69 MPH) 2. Airspeed - Optimum glide speed 60 KIAS (69 MPH) Trim the airplane for optimum glide speed TRIM 3. Find a suitable place to land and fly to it If altitude and distance to selected site permit, try to set up a normal landing pattern. If that's not possible, take what you can get. Regardless of whether or not a full pattern can be set up, make sure the approach results in a landing parallel to any furrows in the selected field. 4. If time permits, try to correct the problem Fuel shut-off On Mixture Rich (in) Throttle 1/4 Inch Carburetor Heat On (out) Primer In and Locked Master Switch On (Both sides) Ignition switch Both magnetos — Start if propeller is stopped 5. If still have time communicate Transponder 7700 Comm Radio 121.5

1. Fly the airplane Airspeed 65 KIAS / 75 MPH (flaps up); 60 KIAS / 69 MPH (flaps down) 2. Prepare aircraft for landing Mixture Idle cutoff Fuel Shutoff Off Ignition Switch Off Flaps As required (30° recommended) Master Switch Off Doors Unlatch prior to touchdown 3. Landing Touchdown Slightly tail low Brakes Apply heavily

1. Fly the airplane Airspeed 60 KIAS / 69 MPH Flaps 20° Selected Field Inspect Fly over field noting terrain and obstructions then retract flaps upon reaching a safe altitude and airspeed. 2. Prepare airplane for landing Radios and Electrical Off Flaps 30° (On final approach) Airspeed 55 KIAS / 64 MPH on final Master Switch Off Doors Unlatch prior to touchdown 3. Landing Touchdown Tail slightly low Ignition Switch Off Brakes Apply heavily

1. Prepare for ditching Radio Transmit MAYDAY on 121.5 Give location, situation and intentions. Note, if you were already communicating with ATC, report situation to controller, as opposed to using 121.5. Transponder 7700 Heavy Baggage Secure or jettison 2. Fly the airplane Approach — High wind / Heavy seas Into the wind Approach — Light winds / Heavy swells Parallel to the swells Flaps 30° Power 300 ft./min. descent, 55 KIAS (64 MPH) Cabin Doors Unlatch prior to touchdown 3. Landing Touchdown Level attitude at 300 ft./min. descent Face Cushion with folded coat Evacuate Through doors If necessary, open windows to allow cabin to flood to equalize pressure so doors can be opened. Life Vests and Raft Inflate

Cranking Continue Getting the engine to start will suck flames and accumulated fuel into the engine. If Engine Starts Power 1,700 RPM for a few minutes Engine Shutdown and inspect for damage If Engine Fails to Start Continue cranking 2 to 3 minutes Obtain fire extinguisher OBTAIN Master Switch Off Ignition Switch Off Fuel Shutoff Off Extinguish fire Extinguisher, seat cushion, blanket, etc. or dirt Inspect for damage and have repairs made before attempting another flight INSPECT

Mixture Idle cutoff Fuel Shutoff Off Master Switch Off Cabin Heat and Air Off (except overhead vents) Airspeed 85 KIAS (98 MPH) If that does not extinguish the fire increase airspeed to that which produces an incombustible mixture. Be aware of critical speeds; VNO (108 KIAS/124 MPH) and VNE (145 KIAS/166 MPH). Landing Forced Landing Without Power

1. Extinguish Fire Master Switch Off All other Switches Off Ignition On Vents, Cabin Heat/Air Closed Fire Extinguisher Activate 2. If fire appears to be out and electrical equipment is needed Master Switch On Circuit Breakers Check for faulty circuit - do not reset Radio/Electrical On one at a time, with delay between until short circuit is localized Vents, Cabin Heat/Air Open once it is ascertained that the fire is completely extinguished

Master Switch Off Vents, Cabin Heat/Air Closed Fire Extinguisher Activate After using fire extinguisher within a closed cabin ventilate the cabin. Landing As soon as possible

Navigation lights Off Strobe Lights Off Pitot Heat Off Attitude Perform side-slip to keep the flames away from the fuel tank and cabin Land ASAP Do not use flaps.

1. Wing Tops/Fuel Tanks Fuel Level Both Wings - Visual check If needed get gas (AVGAS 100) before proceeding with other fuel tank related items. Filler caps Both Wings - Secure Make sure vent on right wing cap is not blocked. Wing Tops Inspect for loose screws, rivets and damage 2. Cockpit Control wheel lock Remove Ignition switch Off Master switch On (both sides) Fuel gauges Check quantity Flaps 10° Pitot Heat On - observe Ammeter drop - then off Strobe/Beacon On - visually check - off Master Switch Off Fuel shut-off valve On Paperwork CHECK Airworthiness certificate; Registration; Radio station license; Operating limitations (POH); Weight/loading data. 3. Cockpit - Night Flights Nav Lights & Strobes On Walk around plane and visually check to see that all are operating. Landing Light On Visually check from outside if not dark enough to see that it's on from inside the cockpit. Instrument Lights On 4. Fuselage - Left Side Radio antennas Check security Miscellaneous Check for loose screws/rivets, etc. 5. Empennage Rudder gust lock Remove Tail tie-down Disconnect Control surfaces Check freedom of movement, actuators, security, loose rivets, damage 6. Fuselage Right Side Miscellaneous Check for loose screws/rivets, etc. Fuel strainer drain (belly) Check sample for water/dirt Some models 7. Right Wing Flaps Check actuator and rollers Aileron Check freedom, hinge pins and counterweights Wing tip Check for cracks; Check navigation light Leading edge Check for dents, cracks, etc. Wing tie-down Disconnect Main wheel tire Check for proper inflation/wear; Check cotter pin in wheel nut Main wheel brake Check for fluid leaks; Check brake pads Fuel drain Check sample for water/dirt and fuel type (100LL - Blue) 8. Nose Engine Oil Check level Minimum 4 qts.; 5 qts. for short flights; 6 qts. extended flights. Fuel bowl drain Check sample for water/dirt and fuel type (100LL - Blue) Prop/Spinner Check for nicks and security Air filter Check for restrictions & excessive dirt Landing Light Check condition and cleanliness Cowling Look for birds or nests inside Nose wheel Check for proper inflation/wear; Check for cotter pins in wheel nuts; Check for leaking fluids Nose tie-down Disconnect Static source opening Check not blocked 9. Left Wing Wing tie-down Disconnect Leading edge Check for dents, cracks, etc. Pitot tube Remove cover, check for blockage Stall warning opening Check for blockage Fuel Tank Vent Check for blockage Wing tip Check for cracks; Check navigation light Aileron Check freedom, hinge pins and counterweights Flaps Check actuator and rollers Fuel drain Check sample for water/dirt and fuel type (100LL - Blue) Main wheel tire Check for proper inflation/wear; Check cotter pin in wheel nut Main wheel brake Check for fluid leaks; Check brake pads

1. Before Starting Preflight Inspection Completed Seat position Adjust & ensure locked Seat belts/harness Adjust and lock Brief passengers on use of belts/harnesses and requirements for wearing them. Fuel shut-off On Radios/electrical Off Brakes Test and set Circuit Breakers Check all in 2. Starting Engine Mixture Rich (in) Carburetor heat Cold (in) Primer Prime if required; Make sure locked in Throttle 1/4 Inch Key In ignition Master Switch On (both sides) Propeller Area Call "Clear" & check prop area and behind plane Ignition Start - release on start Throttle 1,000 RPM Oil Pressure Check in green 3. Before Taxiing Radios On and set to appropriate frequency. Call for radio check Transponder Standby Beacon/Strobe On Nav. Lights/Strobes On if required Flaps Full up (normal takeoff) 4. Taxiing Clearance Check for things in way of wings; Check for people ahead of and behind plane Flight Controls Set for existing wind conditions Brakes Come to full stop immediately after starting taxi roll 5. IFR Instrument Checks Turn Coordinator Should indicate turn in proper direction while taxiing Attitude Indicator Very little change due to turns; Slight pitch indications due to acceleration or deceleration Heading Indicator Should track headings Altimeter When set to current altimeter setting should indicate within 75 ft. of airport elevation VSI Should indicate zero. If not, note indication and use for level indication in flight VORs Check at local ground check point or against each other based on some receivable signal

1. Before Starting Preflight Inspection Completed Seat position Adjust & ensure locked Seat belts/harness Adjust and lock Brief passengers on use of belts/harnesses and requirements for wearing them. Fuel shut-off On Radios/electrical Off Brakes Test and set Circuit Breakers Check all in 2. Starting Engine Ignition Off (take key out and hang it up) Master Switch Off (both sides) Prime Prime engine two to four strokes (up to seven without pre-heat) while propeller is turned by hand With ignition switch off and throttle closed, prime the engine two to four strokes (up to seven without pre-heat) as the propeller is being turned by hand. Use heavy primer strokes for best atomization of fuel. If doing this by yourself, tie the plane down securely and set parking brake, in case engine starts. Treat propeller as if the ignition is on and engine could start. Leave primer charged and ready for a stroke. Propeller Area Clear Master Switch On Mixture Full Rich Throttle Open 1/4 inch Ignition Switch Start Throttle Pump to full open twice then return to 1/4 inch open position Primer Continue to prime until engine is running smoothly. Alternately pump throttle rapidly over first 1/4 of travel Oil Pressure In the green This might take a little time since the engine is cold. If pressure doesn't come up in about 30 seconds, shut the engine down. Carburetor Heat Full on after engine started. Leave on until running smoothly Primer In and locked If engine does not start during the first few attempts, or if engine firing diminishes in strength, it is probable that the spark plugs have frosted over. Pre-heat must be used before another start is attempted. Pumping the throttle may cause raw fuel to accumulate in the intake air duct, creating a fire hazard in the event of a back-fire. If this occurs, maintain a cranking action to suck flames into the engine. An outside attendant with a fire extinguisher is advised for cold starts without pre-heat. 3. Perform steps 3 and 4 on normal start checklist

1. Final Cockpit Check Cabin doors Closed and latched Windows Closed Flight Controls Free and correct Elevator trim Takeoff position Flight Instruments Check and set Set attitude indicator to level flight position; Set altimeter to runway altitude or locally reported altimeter setting; Set heading indicator to magnetic compass. Comm Radio/VOR Set to appropriate freqs Beacon/Strobe On Nav Lights/Strobes On if required 2. Engine Run-up Fuel Shutoff On Mixture Rich (in) Parking brake Set or hold foot brakes Throttle 1,700 RPM Magnetos Check RPM drop should not exceed 125 RPM on either magneto. RPM difference between magnetos should not exceed 50 RPM. Carburetor Heat On — Check for RPM drop then back to off Engine instruments Check Oil pressure/Temperature. Ammeter - Create electrical load with landing light. Make sure no more than needle width deflection. Vacuum Check in green Throttle Idle Carburetor heat On – Make sure engine keeps running Throttle 1,000 RPM Throttle friction lock Adjust Alternator switch Off – Check low voltage light on – Switch back to on Flaps Appropriate takeoff position Throttle friction lock Adjust Transponder Set to mode C/Altitude

Flaps Full up Carburetor Heat Cold (in) Elevator Trim Takeoff position Heading indicator Calibrate against compass Throttle Full open (in) Engine Instruments Check while starting roll RPM - 2600 (Top of green arc); Oil Pressure - In the green; Oil Temperature - In the green; Suction - In the green. Airspeed Building Elevator Lift nose wheel at 50 KIAS (58 MPH) Climb Speed 65 - 75 KIAS (75 - 86 MPH)

Taxi Maximum runway usage Takeoff procedure should be started using ALL available runway. Taxi to end of runway and align with centerline. Brakes Set and hold Flaps 10° Carburetor Heat Cold (in) Elevator Trim Takeoff position Heading indicator Calibrate against compass Throttle Full open (in) Engine Instruments Check before starting roll RPM - 2600 (Top of green arc); Oil Pressure - In the green; Oil Temperature - In the green; Suction - In the green. Brakes Release Airspeed Building Elevator Slightly tail low Climb Speed 54 KIAS (62 MPH) with obstacles ahead

Taxi Keep rolling to avoid bogging down Flaps 10° If 10° flaps are used, with obstacles ahead, leave them extended until the obstacle is cleared and at a safe altitude. The exception is in high density altitude takeoff where the climb would be marginal with the flaps at 10°. Carburetor Heat Cold (in) Elevator Trim Takeoff position Heading indicator Calibrate against compass or runway heading Throttle Full open (in) Engine Instruments Check as starting roll RPM - 2600 (Top of green arc); Oil Pressure - In the green; Oil Temperature - In the green; Suction - In the green. Airspeed Building Elevator Slightly tail low Allow the airplane to lift off as soon as possible (before reaching safe climb speed). Level off at a few feet above the ground and fly in ground effect until reaching normal climb speed. Climb Speed 54 KIAS (62 MPH) with obstacles ahead Flaps Retract at safe altitude with positive rate of climb

1. Climbout Airspeed 65 - 75 Knots (75 - 86 MPH) Altitude Above 300 AGL Flaps Up (in 10° increments if more than that in use) 2. At Cruise Altitude Attitude Level Airspeed Let build to desired cruise speed Throttle Reduce to desired cruise setting Heading Indicator Calibrate against compass 3. Above 3,000 MSL Mixture Lean for maximum RPM

Normal Airspeed 70 - 80 KIAS (80 - 92 MPH) Max Performance See POH Climb Table in Section 5 Throttle Full Open (in) Carburetor Heat Cold (in) Mixture Rich (in) below 3,000 ft.; May be leaned above 3,000

1. Pre-Landing (Downwind) check Seat belts/Harnesses Adjust and lock Mixture Rich (In) Carburetor heat On (Out) Fuel Shut-off On 2. Approach and Landing Power Reduce to 1,500 to 1,700 RPM abeam approach end of runway Airspeed Let bleed off to less than 85 KIAS (95 MPH) Flaps Use as desired Under light (less than 10 Knots) wind conditions 10° descending on the end of the downwind leg, 20° on base, and full flaps over the threshold. In heavier winds 20° or less is good flap setting for landing. Use minimum flap setting possible for cross wind landing. Airspeeds Downwind through base 65 - 75 KIAS (75 - 86 MPH) Final approach 60 - 70 KIAS (70 - 80 MPH) In gusty winds add 1/2 difference between gust and average wind speed to approach speed. Touchdown Touchdown Just above stalling speed - main wheels first Landing Roll Lower nose wheel Gently Braking Braking Minimum required

1. Pre-Landing (Downwind) check Seat belts/Harnesses Adjust and lock Mixture Rich (In) Carburetor heat On (Out) Fuel Shut-off On 2. Approach and landing Power Reduce to 1,500 to 1,700 RPM abeam approach end of runway Airspeed Let bleed off to less than 85 KIAS (95 MPH) Flaps Use as desired Under light (less than 10 Knots) wind conditions 10° descending on the end of the downwind leg, 20° on base, and full flaps on final. Airspeeds Downwind through base 65 - 75 KIAS (75 - 86 MPH) Final approach 54 KIAS (62 MPH) In gusty winds add 1/2 difference between gust and average wind speed to approach speed. Touchdown Touchdown Just above stalling speed - power off - main wheels first Roundout must be done much faster than usual due to low airspeed. Landing Roll Lower nose wheel Quickly Braking Braking Maximum possible without sliding tires Flight Controls Flaps up; Hold full up elevator

1. Pre-Landing (Downwind) check Seat belts/Harnesses Adjust and lock Mixture Rich (In) Carburetor heat On (Out) Fuel Shut-off On 2. Approach and Landing Power Reduce to 1,500 to 1,700 RPM abeam approach end of runway Airspeed Let bleed off to less than 85 KIAS (95 MPH) Flaps Use as desired Under light (less than 10 Knots) wind conditions 10° descending on the end of the downwind leg, 20° on base, and full flaps over the threshold. In heavier winds 20° or less is good flap setting for landing. Use minimum flap setting possible for cross wind landing. Airspeeds Downwind through base 65 - 75 KIAS (75 - 86 MPH) Final approach 60 - 65 KIAS (70 - 75 MPH) In gusty winds add 1/2 difference between gust and average wind speed to approach speed. Touchdown Touchdown Just above stalling speed - power off - main wheels first Landing Roll Hold nose wheel off As long as possible Use up elevator to reduce weight on nose wheel throughout landing roll. Braking Braking As required Flight Controls Full up elevator

Throttle Full Open (in) Carburetor Heat Cold (in) Flaps To 20° If more than 20° of flaps were in when the go-around is initiated, retract immediately to 20°. Continue to retract flaps in 10° increments only after establishing a positive rate of climb and reaching a safe altitude. Airspeed 55 KIAS (63 MPH)

1. After Landing - Clear of Runway Flaps Full up (visual check) Carburetor Heat Off (in) Elevator Trim Takeoff position 2. If Hard Landing ELT Listen for on 121.5 on communications radio 3. Engine Shutdown Radios/Electrical All off Throttle 1,000 RPM Mixture Idle cutoff Ignition Off Master Switch Off 4. Securing the Airplane Parking Brake Set Control Lock Install Tiedown Wings and Tail Pitot Cover Install Double Check CHECK All electrical equipment - Off; Master Switch - Off. 5. Close your Flight Plan

1. Self Check Feeling ok Yes Under any stress No more than usual Taking any medication No Alcohol in last 12 Hrs. No 2. Flight Planning/Navigation Equipment Current Charts CHECK A/FD CHECK POH CHECK Airport Guide CHECK E6-B CHECK Plotter CHECK Calculator CHECK Timer CHECK Custom Checklists CHECK Flight Plans CHECK Weather Reports CHECK Pencils CHECK Clipboards CHECK 3. Emergency Items Hand Compass CHECK Knife CHECK Flashlights CHECK Batteries CHECK Bulbs CHECK Cell Phone (Charged) CHECK Spare Glasses CHECK Sun Glasses CHECK